Project Haplogroups & Understanding Their Values

A big "Thank You" to the following individuals for their kind help in not only explaining this information in a way I could understad, but for their efforts at helping to organize the information in an easily understandable format.

To Bennett Greenspan, Dr. Carol Costas, Jim Maule, Keith Manley and Michael Crump, without whom this page would not exist, THANK YOU!

The basics of understanding Haplogroups and their mutations.

Each Haplogroup starts out as undifferentiated, in the case of the R haplogroup, begin with R1, call him the original male in the line.

Each change following the R1 indicates a mutation. R1a is a 1 step mutation of that Haplogroup. R1a1 would note a second mutation in that line. Likewise, R1b would be a 1 on step mutation of the R1 proginitor, with R1b1 being a second mutation of that line.

To sum it up:
R1 = Progenitor of the line
R1a = a later generation of the line
R1a1= a later generation of R1a
R1b = another line of R1
R1b1 = a later generation of R1b
The Haplogroups and origin(s) of those found in our project are as follows: Haplogroup Information from FTDNA

C Haplogroup C is found throughout mainland Asia, the south Pacific, and at low frequency in Native American populations. Haplogroup C originated in southern Asia and spread in all directions. This lineage colonized New Guinea, Australia, and north Asia, and currently is found with its highest diversity in populations of India.
C3 The C3 lineage is believed to have originated in southeast or central Asia. This lineage then spread into northern Asia, and then into the Americas.
E3 restricted to sub-Saharan Africa outside of the Horn of Africa
(from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E3a_%28Y-DNA%29)
G May have originated in India or Pakistan in ancient times, and has dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.
I1b Found within the Balkans countries at it's greatest frequency and diversity. These countries probably harbored this subset of Haplogroup I as a refuge during the Last Glacial Maximum.
J2 This lineage originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into India. As with other populations with Mediterranean ancestry this lineage is found within Jewish populations.
N Distributed throughout Northern Eurasia.Most common Y-chromosome type in Finns and Hungarians. Most likely originated in northern China or Mongolia and then spread into Siberia where it became a very common line in western Siberia.
O appears in 80-90% of all human males in East and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region
(from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O_%28Y-DNA%29)
O1 found at very high frequency in the aboriginal Taiwanese (possibly due to genetic drift). Probably originated in East Asia and later migrated into the south Pacific.
O2 Two primary lines, found in Asia.
O3 Major lineage of China, found throughout East and Southeast Asia. Also occurs in central and northern Asia at low frequencies, as well as throughout the south Pacific. It has been hypothesized that this lineage may have spread through the south Pacific in the same wave as haplogroup O1.
Q lineage links Asia and the Americas.Found in North and Central Asia as well as native Americans. Believed to have originated in Central Asia and migrated through the Altai / Baikal region of northern Eurasia into the Americas.
Q3 The only lineage strictly associated with native Americans. This mutation occurred on the Q lineage 8-12 thousand years ago with the migration into the Americas.
R1 undifferentiated R1 lineage is quite rare. Possibly originated in Europe and then migrated east into Asia. It is interesting to note that the majority of our project members show this undifferentiated R1 haplogroup within a 1-4 step result.
R1a believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas.
R1b Haplogroup most common Europe, also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.
Since many of our Manley ancestors were seafaring men, 2 known to have sailed to the Pacific Islands (1 with Capt. Cook), the migration toAsia and the South Pacific is easily understood. Then again, it is just as likely that the Viking travels, Crusades, Spice Routes, etc...could give some insight into these groups.
Any feedback or information you would like to share on this is more than welcome!
cjms

Charts showing Haplogroups within the FTDna Database.

I will be updating/adding charts for the more distant breakdowns over the next couple of weeks.