Tweed Daily

3Jul14: W.C. Hess, late of Germany, medical herbalist of Commercial Rd…
7Jul14: Mr Rayment, Assistant Superintendent of Immigration for NSW, after a personal tour, reports there are good prospects of obtaining skilled agriculturists in Holland, Belgium, Denmark and Finland. In Norway and Sweden the Governments were strongly opposed…..
4Mar14: Olaf Jensen dairy farmer of Murbah
23Sep14: W.A. Back of Burringbar donates to Patriotic fund. 5 guineas. + F. Johansen.
29Dec14: Lawrence Vlaauderen. Court Murbah
20Feb15: William Karl Hess, medical herbalist of Commercial Rd, Murbah. Has Alfred Marsh in court for indecent language. ’You belong to the -------- German push…… +Advert. W.C. Hess (late of Germany)
13Mar15: Sarah Elizabeth Conn v. Antony Abasio, cook of Murbah. Insulting language. Witness Mrs Velles, wife of A. Velles. Take no notice of the white ------- ??
24Mar15: Joe Zeen, dairy farmer of Upper North Arm, issues milking challenge.
15Jun15: Enemy Aliens. Local police advice of restrictions.
3Jul15: War Precautions Act gazetted
21Jul15: Julius Ruff, unnaturalised German of Murbah
7Aug15: Insulting words case. ‘you are a German…… The bench said the insult was a gross one…
14Aug15: A German Invasion. A Hindoo Captured. The Tale of a horse cart. …a poor, miserable-looking Hindoo named George Malay, alias Charles…. 3 Germans of Murbah charge him with stealing back his horse and cart. Johan Wulff, W. Carl Hess, L.G. Goldman.
8Sep15: William Gustaff Smith died aged 15. Had parents and sisters Mullum. Could be Finns who anglicized like the Backs? W. Smith had farm next to M. Petcovitch at Billinudgel.
10Dec15: Edward Beaumont, native of France, found dead Hartigan's paddock
28/29Dec15: Riots Lismore. Enemy subjects premises attacked. Picture show of Ohlenburg. +Aliens In Australia - controlling their movements.
29Dec15: Charles Henry Ohlen and Otto Christian Meurer – more damage Lismore.
30Dec15: Germans in Australia. Are we too lenient.
28Jan16: Able bodied German descendants have little thought of enlisting.
3Feb16: Aliens in Australia. Thousands unnaturalised. 1911 census = 54,934 aliens in Aust = 1.233% of population
8Mar16: P. Marsano c/- N. Bornholt, Queensland Rd.
25Apr16: Act to disenfranchise enemy subjects – unless naturalization was outcome of convictions.
18May16: Enemy Aliens – interning
10Jun16: B.N. Ostrom, fishmonger, Tumbulgum. Hawker of Murbah
8Sep16: Aligikita Elizabeth Hess, James McPaul, William Charles Hess. Insulting words Murbah.
18Nov16: Ivor Dahisten. Murbah
19Jul16: Wulff’s Hotel, South Murbah. Herbert Douglas assaults Fritz Wulff and calls him a German.
3Oct16: Persons of Foreign Birth – voting for conscription referendum
21Oct16: Peter Solomon, naturalized Turk, born Constantinople, refused exemption from military service. Dairy farmer of Sth Murbah.
14Dec17: Fr Henry Van Riel, Catholic Parish Priest Tweed Heads, found guilty of 'statements likely to cause public alarm' in contravention of War Precautions Act.

1Nov26: John Holm aged 47 fisherman drowns Tumbulgum. Wife Ida, married Sweden. Came Aust 15yrs ago and settled Tumbulgum. Friend John Ostroms known deceased 13/14yrs.
3Jul28: Consul-General for Denmark visiting local butter factories.
22Aug28: Karl John Back. Bankruptcy proceedings.
20Sep28: Karl Back, bunchy top case adjourned. Bankruptcy concluded.
18Oct28: Carl J Back fined for bunchy top on property Goonengerry.
19May30: Cesare Frances Choni, Austrian, born Castel Tesino, landed 1906, now 3 Molesworth St, Lismore.
11Sep31: Anton Kempich, German farmer and banana grower of Bingham Point seeks oyster lease Tweed Heads. 2 sons.
3Aug33: Fedor Emil Ferdinand Moriz Maria Orme (aka Fedor Orme), banana grower of Piggabeen, Tomewin, born Vienna, Austria, and resident Aust 5yrs, seeks naturalization.
22Aug34: Jalmer Gottfrid Johansen, storekeeper of Tumbulgum
17Sep36/2Oct36: Anton Snabb, Finn of Possum Shoot, lost plantation in Cyclone. £200-£400. Total damage was £2000 – 50% of plantations on Coorabell Ridge destroyed.
26Feb37: Mrs Sanna Carolina Back dies Munsala, Finland aged 87. Husband died 8/9 years earlier. Leaves WA at Mullum, KJ at Yelgun, Mrs E.J. Holm at Billinudgel and Miss Sofia Back in Finland.
9Nov37: Robert Emil Koch dies Murbah age 73. 43yrs Tweed District. Born 1864 Basle, Staat, Switzerland. Landed Sydney 1883 aged 18. Initally an accountant Cobar. Married Annie Hasselbrook of El Dorado VIC 1895.
19Feb38: Messrs Kastrim and Soderholm of North Arm, Murbah District, grow outsize bunch of bananas. 134lb, some 12ins long and 5.5 ins girth. 23 doz bananas. On display at auctioneer Tom Eilolas rooms Murbah.
26May37: O. Riethmuller, art photographer, Wharf St, Mrbah.
6/8/9Nov1939: Dutch Consul-General at Byron Bay in company with Mr Anthony looking at suitability of low lying land for Dutch immigrants. 700 unnaturalised Dutch in Aust at the time. Earlier Mr Hartland, Director of Migration in Holland, had flown out at invitation of Sir Earle Page. Hartland plus Mr Van der Putte, Dutch immigration officer in Aust, had only toured as far as Grafton. Mr Anthony said No better types were available than the Dutch people whose qualities, character and traditions were very close to those of the British.
6Dec39: Editorial on Finland

14Mar1940: Naturalized Australian Max Gernik, landed as a baby with parents and naturalized 1913, refused a hotel license Sydney because of German birth place.
19Mar40: Finnish refugees
6Jun1940: I, Edwin Holmkvist of Finnish Nationality, born on the Island of Replot, a part of Finland, and resident nine years in Australia, now residing at Mr Turners plantation on Condong Road, near Murwillumbah…. Intend to apply for naturalizaton….
14Jun40: Mr and Mrs Schweitzer on Billinudgel committee to arrange farewells of men enlisting.
21Jun40: Karl John Back of Yelgun charged with planting bananas without permit. 12 acre plantation weedy and infested with beetle.
26Jul40: Frank Erick Pehrson, a Swede of Tweed Heads, charged for failing to register change of address. Been Aust 27years.
31Aug40: Miss L. Hirmakallio, born Gympie of Finnish parents, stowed away on American Refugee ship from Finland. Refused entry USA. Aunt Mrs Loamaranti of Gympie.
3Sep40: Paul Frederick Gustav Kunche, an enemy alien of German nationality, charged with having traveled outside Murbah police district without permission. Was traveling from Crystal Creek to Cudgen for cane cutting.
9Sep 40 : K.V. Nordlund burning off Condong
23Sep40: C.H. Lundberg donates to Poppy Day.
4Dec40: Jessie Isabel Alia Ness v. Karl Waldemar Soderholm. Geginal Augustus Johansen v. Peter Serone for £250 damages.
23Dec40: Private Alfred Schweitzer motor cycle accident Bruns.
31Dec40: A bloke named Mr Finland escapes drowning at Bruns.

5Jul41: John Lundberg dies Condong
4Sep41: Mr Orlov member of Carool Branch of BGF + Naum Popolar of ‘League Nations Flat’ Mt Isa.
23Sep41: Edward Gottlieb Fisher, banana grower of Mullumbimby.
14Oct 41: Fritz William Wulff, licensee of Court House Hotel.
13Nov41: Olaf Henry Ebeling dies Crabbes Creek
27Dec41: Kristian Torbjorsen, aged 24, assaulted Murbah.

28Jan42: Rolf W. Soderholm gains Intermediate Murbah.
29Jan42: Drastic tightening of movements of aliens. 14,000 aliens in Sydney, comprising Albanians, Austrians, Bulgarians, Finns, Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Japanese and Romanians confined to the suburbs where they live.
5Feb42: Carl Severin Jorgensen, Norwegian born Sternoen, County of Vest Agder, Norway, resident 19yrs Aust, now of 52 Wollumbin St, Murbah, applies for naturalization.
5Mar42: Mr W.A. Back’s offer of use of a garage on the property occupied by Mr H. Duff in Argyle Street as a warden’s post, and his permission to dig trenches on a vacant allotment in the same street was accepted with gratitude. Mullum National Emergency Services meeting.
11Jun42: Nelson Pedersen of Mullum fined for riding bike with unmasked light.
25Jun42: Headline ‘Alien fined for possession of Gelignite’. Pavel Craineau, unnaturalised Roumanian of Upper Burringbar, been Aust 4yrs and 4mths. Sons interned for a while. Geli very old and purchased years ago to blow stumps.
16Jul42: Victor Waldemar Melen, banana grower of Upper Burringbar, given good behaviour bond for possession of shot gun. Deemed subversive. Naturalized Finn who arrived Aust 17yrs ago. Been in Mullum and Burringbar district for 16yrs. Borrowed gun to shoot hawks. Member and instructor of VDC.
27Oct42: BVD Council of BGF meeting. Mr Mott made a plea for the small Finnish growers who were dependent on the industry for their living. He moved ‘that the Federation be asked to consider making application to the Minister for Agriculture (Mr Dunn) to grant permits to plant bananas to naturalized British subjects of Finnish origin, provided such permits do not exceed a reasonable living area.
Seconding the motion, Mr Gaggin said ‘the Finns were friends of Democracy and had no anti British feelings’. He spoke in eulogy of their industry, integrity and honesty.
Mr Roberts supported the motion.
Messrs Rowan, Walker and Brown spoke against the motion.
Mr Mott agreed with Mr Walker that areas must be kept for the soldiers when they return.
The motion was carried by 10 votes to 4.
24Dec42: Andrew Snab, a naturalized Finn, caught planting without a permit. Broke rules on restrictions on enemy aliens when sprung with 250 new plants on 7acre property at Possum Shoot. Been Aust many years. Married to Australian girl.
24Dec42: Viktor Johannes Holmnas, born Katternab, District of Pedesore in Finland, resident 13yrs Aust, now Middle Pocket, applies for naturalization.

5Jan43: Edwin Roos, aged 40, born Finland, banana grower of Palmwoods, died Mullum. He and wife arrived 1927 and spent time in Sydney and QLD before arriving Palmwoods. Just about to retire to New Brighton. ‘Highly respected resident’.
14Jan43: Ray Gresinger, banana grower Upper Burringbar, fined for failing to destroy plantation.
14Jan44: Rolf Waldemar Soderholm gains Leaving Murbah. + Doreen Tong.
20Jan44: Magda Nerke Rutgers, 4yr old Dutch girl of Tweed Heads, speaks 4 languages.
22Jan44: S.T. Stephens endorsed by Mullum Country Party for seat of Byron.
27Jan44: Mayor Winterbon endorsed Murbah Country Party for Byron.
20Mar44: Germans Seeking Naturalization. Lismore RSL. The appearance of advertisements in Newspapers notifying the intention of Germans to seek naturalization was discussed last night….. Tom Cooling again.
11Apr44: Arnout Veoschuer aged 10 of Tugun.
29Apr44: Rudolf Shultz aged 89 dies Belongil Reserve. Born Germany. Arrived Aust 73yrs ago.
15Jun44: Johann August Radel late of Murbah……
8Jul44: John Sleba Stephen, French Nationality, born Ofrabe, Lebanon, now Upper Dungay, 21yrs Aust, applies for naturalization.
11Jul44: Uno Sigfrid Soderholm, born Wasa Lan, Parish of Replot, Finland, now Crystal Creek, Murbah, and resident Aust 16yrs, applies for naturalization.
21Sep44: Finns as Settlers in Australia. …..they make admirable citizens. + white Australia.
28Sep44: Jakoff Troshin of Russian nationality, born Harbin, Russia, now Dunbible, resident Aust 5yrs, applies for naturalization.
3Nov44: Rayleen Janetzhi, 2yrs 3mths, almost drowns Tweed Heads. Family recently arrived from Geelong.
20Dec44: William Madeas Tuohimaki, b. Petajavesi, Finland, res 20yrs Aust, now of Tweed Heads.

6Jan45: Johan Walter Korn aged 58 of Crystal Creek suicide. Naturalized German 27yrs Aust. Son and  wife nee Olga Lydia Hedwig. Inquest 19Feb44. Concerned about sister in Germany.
13Apr45: Walter Shapowloff of Murbah and Coolangatta. Bus proprietor (interned Qld).
14Apr45: Valfried Nordlund of Environ, Murbah marries Heather Elyard of Kempsey.
1May45: Mrs E.J. Russell, nee Valendorf, of Murbah.
8May45: Headlines on German Surrender.
21Jun45: Rosanna Ellen Larsen dies age 77 Murbah. Husband Olaf Larsen died 15yrs ago. Sons Edward and Olaf + 7 daus.
23Jul45: Miss Ilma Tuchrerman makes debut at Mullum Convent Ball
2Aug45: Peter Simonsen dies aged 82 Tweed Heads. Born Denmark. Captain of trading vessels between Sydney and Northern Rivers until settling Tweed and becoming captain of the tug Terranora. Remained so until retiring 1936. Dau Mrs H. Hines of Currumbin. Frederik Simonsen b. 1905 Tweed Heads. Enlisted WW2. +W. Soderholm in Palmwoods Tennis team.
2Nov45: Dimitar Kesic, born Vaganac, Yugoslavia, 17yrs Aust, now Dunbible.

29Mar46: Kristian Torbjornsen drunk Murbah.
27Aug46: Athol Manitzky of Murbah marries.
16Sep46: 2 acres of the 20 acre plantation of J. Kastren at Palmwoods destroyed in fire.
17Dec46: Mr R. Soderholm appointed as teacher to Doon Doon school.
19Dec46: School teacher Mrs Van De Merkin farewelled from Middle Pocket

15Feb47: K.V. Nordlund and C.H. Lundberg cane growers of Condong.
7Mar47: Mr and Mrs Aub. Back of Hughenden holidaying with Mr and Mrs Back of Mullum.
30May47: Gustaves Thompson of Peter St, Murbah.
28Jun47: Mrs C.C.W. Kohihoff of Ewing St Murbah.
28Oct47: Paul Frederick Gustav Kunche, b. Hamburg, Germany, 18yrs Aust now Duranbah
21Nov47: J. Radu of Upper Burringbar

5Feb48: Mrs Holm, Mr Edwin Holm (son), Miss Holm and Mr K.J. Back, injured car accident Billinudgel.
10Mar48: The Finn William Mideas Twohimaki (47) of Dulguigan, Murbah, died under ether whilst undergoing an operation at Murbah. He had been a market gardener in partnership with Ivar Juhan Rudolph Forss. They had known each other for 23yrs and worked together all over the state.
28Apr48: 36 Balts Broadwater and 20 Harwood.
8Jun48: Dutchman Theodorus Martinus fails dictation test in Rumanian.
23Jun48: Mrs C. Holmkvist of Middle Pocket.
27Jun48: Adolph Albert Kukulies of Currumbin.
24Jul48: 47 Balts arrive Murbah for cane cutting
20Aug48: Balt women milkmaids
25Aug48: 54 Poles for cane fields
21Sep48: Mrs A. Snabb of Coorabell.
22Sep48: 800 Balts and 54 Poles to be transferred from Sugar industry to Victorian Fruit industry
16Oct48: Good Effort by Balt immigrants on cane farms. 40 in 5 gangs.
25Oct48: Yugoslavs being induced to return home. Their patriotic duty to return and help rebuild their home land. 500 returned last January.
27Oct48: Balt canecutters of Environ barracks enter artworks in Tweed Show display. Swiatosfaw Dobrowolskyj, Roman Czaws, Merchoh Maztalir, Alex and Rostic Teodorowicz, Anatoli Sopronuik, Juri Kuzmuick, Michael Kercuik.
9Nov48: Ukranian cane cutter addresses Murbah Rotary. Couldn’t speak English 4mths ago. Roman Czaws, civil engineering student of Danzig Uni. One of 8 invited by Murbah rotary. Rotary introduces them around town and invites them into homes.
16Nov48: 8 Ukranians attend Condong school. Most were uni students. Picked up 6yr primary English course in 6hrs. Vocab of 2000 words. Teacher Mr N.T. Hutchenson. 7 Estonians just as good. All matric students 3000 word vocab. Similar classes at Tumbulgum and Cudgen. Voluntary after hours.
26Nov48: Balts don’t like leaving. 17 Ukranians leave Monday. 19 Estonians and Latvians . Cane cutting finished and now allotted to railway jobs.
27Nov48: Balts farewell function Condong school. Anotoly (Toly) Sopronurk Ukranian spokesman. Alfred Tegova, Estonian MC.  Murbah introduced ‘conversation parties’ and tennis matches. Lenbit Tamm.
1Dec48: Last of 40 Balts leave. Endel Hirr, Estonian, still in hospital.
18Dec48: Cane season ended but 30 Balts remain Lismore district.
22Dec48: Mavis Holmkvist most improved girl Middle Pocket school. Les Black most improved boy.

4Feb49: CWA to apply for Balt woman as domestics
24Feb49: Kristian Torbjornsen, aged 60, of Crabbes Creek, drunk.
3Mar49: Werner Hammond of Murbah returns from visit to home town of Zurich, Switzerland. 20yrs Aust. Banana grower. Served WW2. Got engaged while in Zurich.
10Mar49: Balt canecutters wanted back.
14Mar 49: 40 English migrants expected within next 3mths. All sponsored by locals and most will go into dairying and banana growing.
26Mar49: Endel Hiir, Estonian, still hospital. Compound leg fracture due hit and run Tumbulgum. Failed to heal. Another 3mths hospital at least. No money and living on charity for 4mths and borrowing from other Balts. Now got 25/- a week social security. Parents killed in Russian invasion 1940.
7Apr49: Lembit Tann, Estonian, returns for visit. On cane cutting gang last year. Wants to stay.
27Apr49: Govt Employment Officer Murbah, Mr Weston (?), receives applications to employ 136 male and 28 female migrants. Won’t be employed in jobs that could be filled by Australians. Woman will become domestics. Males mainly bananas, sugar and dairy. People who apply must provide accommodation. Migrants are those sponsored by Govt and mainly housed Bonegila who must undertake to work 2yrs for Govt and go where told.
22Apr49: Baltic women available as trainee domestics Tweed District Hospital.
8Jun49: Alfred Ross Paetz dies age 65 Kunghur. American 22yrs Aust.
5Jul49: 14 of the Balts from last year make up Tweed cane cutting teams
12Jul49: Vero Johnson, banana grower of Acacia St, Mullum, hit and run.
14Jul49: Carl Lee, ‘foreigner’ and banana labourer of the Pocket.
23Aug49 Immigration Policy debated by High School students. Is Australia’s policy advantages to this country.
8Sep49: Dutch migrant editorial
19Sep49: Big article Understanding New Australians
22Sep49: New Australians big help in Tweed cane harvest. 49 of 216 cutters were new ockers.
23Sep49: Endel Hirr, 21yr old Estonian released from hospital after 12mths. Will go to work for fellow Estonian Paul Mihkelson, banana grower of Reserve Creek. Been Aust 20yrs.
23Sep49: John Krauer, 68, b. Uster, Switzerland, dies at home of son Tomewin. 2daus and 2 sons. Hans of Mullum and Bob of Tomewin.
24Sep49: Richard Fischer, 71, dies on his plantation Huonbrook.
24Sep49: W.A. Back given public farewell Mullum. Off to Brisbane.
28Sep49: Only 4500 of 29,530 male non British post war migrants have gone into rural employment.
21Oct49: 87 ‘Balts’ allotted to Tweed farms. Include a Hungarian woman.
28Nov49: Fred Garos, 27, Hungarian cane cutter. Severs arm below elbow. Only 3mths Aust. (20Jan50: Attended by Ambulance Driver Andros and Constable Carl Kowaltzlie.)
13Dec49: More on WA Back. Built 100 houses Mullum and ‘carved out’ 30 dairy farms. Office Staff in Mullum to be transferred to St Lucia. Now building 30 houses and shops  St Lucia worth £75,000. Landed 1903 with £200 in pocket.
17Dec49: Kurt Ferdinand Butschek of Coolangatta naturalized. Came from Krefell, Rhineland Nov1941.
17Dec49 (NS): Almost entire population of the village of Kfarsghab, North of Beirut, Lebanon, on their way sponsored by rellies. 46 arrived yesterday. Most will work Tweed banana plantations. Mr George of Inverell will meet his brother for the first time in 25yrs.

4Mar50: 3 new Australians on Tweed complete contract with Aust Govt and now ‘free agents’ to choose own occupations. Brings total to 12 since Nov49. Another 75 farm workers could easily be absorbed Tweed
10Mar50: Murbah CWA has done all in its power to welcome migrants.
19May50: Expected record 150 migrant cane cutters on Tweed for coming season.
2Jun50: Not many New Australians on the Tweed are changing their foreign sounding names to something more Australian said Mr A.R. Westman, Commonwealth Employment Officer in Murwillumbah.
10Jun50: Miss Lilly Kolos, Czechoslovakian, attending Murbah School of Arts. Came Aust 1yr after outbreak of WW2.
16Jun50: 48 Polish migrants for Richmond cane fields. From Bonegilla.
27Jun50: Mr and Mrs E.J. Holm of Billinudgel celebrate golden wedding anniversary at home of son and dau-in-law Mr and Mrs W. Holm. Mrs Holmkvist assisted with preparation. Mr G. Kastren made a presentation. Telegram from Mrs Holm’s brother Mr W.A.Back in New York.
30Jun50: Mr (Latvian) and Mrs (French) came to Tweed 2yrs ago and bought house. Both German concentration camp. Home was village of Trieux, Meurt Moselle, om Belgium and Luxemburg border with France. Hungarian couple also building house Tumbulgum.
30Jun50: Migrants Tweed to cut cane. 2gangs of 10 each. 1 to Cudgen and other to Crabbes Creek (3 Latvians, 3 Estonians, 2 Poles, 3 Russians)
4Jul50: 37 New Australians from Bonegilla in Lismore for cane cutting.
20Jul50: Mr H.J. Lipping. Estonian engineer looking at flood mitigation Murbah.
2Sep50: Editorial ‘Germans as Migrants?’
13Sep50: Mr J. Vanderschaar, Dutchman of Murbah. Landed 1936. First Dutchman in Aust to write a book.
15Sep50: Jaan Tomson, a Balt, in court.
15Sep50: Jarl Larsen, 20yr old Norwegian, 2mths Aust, in employ of Homer Cockinos Palm beach.
15Sep50: Migrant cane cutters trouble makers – Lismore/Wardell RSL
20sep50: All migrants not trouble makers. Cane growers give finger to RSL.
28Sep50 5yr plan for 25,000 Dutch per year.
29Sep50: Edward Mudent, New Australian, in court. Interpreter Alexander Ivan.
9Oct50: George Seban, Pole, dies Lismore. Motor cycle accident.
1Nov50: 4 new Australian cane cutters leave work Environ and liable for fines.
6Dec50: Contrast in Australian and European Ways. Harold Lipping, Estonian engineer addresses Murbah Rotary.
7Dec50: Mr A.R. Westman, Tweed District Employment Officer says another 200 New Austs could be absorbed easily on the Tweed. Women and Couples arriving. 22 Polish cane cutters leave for Clarence.
11Dec50: 19yr old Polish migrant drowns Tweed River Tumbulgum. Czeslaw Lonski. 6mths Aust. Cane cutter. With party of 7 others.
28Dec50: British migrants sponsored by RSL leaving rural areas. – Brisbane.

21Jan51: 134 new ockers to Tweed. 96 successfully completed last cane season. A number to stay in district and engaged in dairying and bananas.
26Jan51: 200 new ockers for Richmond cane farms.
28Feb51: Editorial. Germans as Immigrants.
20Apr51: Carl Adolf Grutzbe New Australian Murbah
7May51: New Aust Stanislaw Lawa, aged 34, drowns Tumbulgum. Polish. Pall bearers: E.B. Zielinski, M. Orlowski, B. Marszenek, W. Jakubiak, O. Koryean, K. Szymanski, A. Jerhovsek, G. Tasutowilz, L. Warlosz.
1Jun51: Estonian, Siegfried Vedier, banana labourer of Upper Burringbar, attempts suicide. Admonished by Judge. Given leniency because he was a finer type of migrant than many others.
10Jul51: 160 arrive to cut cane, mostly new ockers. 76 cutters short.
20Jul51: Fingerprint all migrants.
3Aug51: Another 12 cane cutters from Bonegilla.
27Aug51: Alick Buckley dies age 62 Murbah.
3Dec51: Anton Keiss, New Ocker of Murbah, 18mths Aust.
15Dec51: Obresa Guida, 19yr old German, landed June. Working for Peter Langos of Dunbible.

19Jan52: Czechoslavakian Rudolf Kanak, aged 31, labourer of Crabbes Creek. Chris Pavlovich interpreter. Mick Tsakalos, a ‘Greek’.
8Feb52: Migrant labour for Tweed – mainly Dutch and Italian.
15Mar52: Otto Strauss, musician b. 22Aug1891, at Rickeniach, Canton of Zurich, son of August and Ida, nee Blatter, resided Tweed since 1931.
19Mar52: Migrant farm workers for Tweed.
28Mar/30May52: New Australian Harry Joseph Jacques Isaacson of Tweed Heads.
15Apr52: Australia need British migrants.
17Apr52: George Maraczi of Terranora.
2May52: Names half the battle. The New Australian’s greatest disability in becoming an Australian is his name – wise for new Australians to have names anglicised.
6may52: House migrants in prefabs.
6Jun52: 25 migrants at present working Tweed farms.
11Jun52: Lativan Tenor entertains.
13Jun52: For the people of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia today is Genocide Day… contributed by New Australian.
3Aug52: Joseph Adanacs, 33yr old Czechoslovakian, and Lazo Svkaka, both of Crabbes Creek.
6Sep52: Veronica Mortini, age 43, from Bucharest, Rumania, suicide. Hut at Hopkins Creek on Mr Crainean’s property. Husband Guisto Morini. Rich family had to flee. Gregory Socia, farmer of Hopkins Creek, 3yrs Aust. Benjamine Franklin Crainean, sawmiller, was interpreter.
19Nov52: Rotary to give lead on Settlers’ League.
18Sep52: Funeral of Mrs S.J. Lundberg.
16Oct52: 19 migrant cane cutters on Tweed go to Richmond. Another 20 will stay in district.
17Oct52: Dutch cane cutter Nicholas Wilhelme Bollen, 24, shot dead cane barracks. 7mths Aust. Just paid off
20Nov52: 6 migrant cane cutters arrive back on Tweed.

10Jan53: West German Immigrants for Tweed. 750 migrants now Tweed, mainly Italians, Yugoslavians, Poles, Ukranians, Dutch, Czechoslovakians and Hungarians. No Greek/Macedonians?
17Jan53: Karel Van de Sande, Dutch, traffic offence. Banana grower, 6mths Aust.
13Feb53: Latvian Peter Kapers at Environ
4Feb53: Two New Australians Mullum nominated by New Settlers League for course Grafton. Sponsored by Rotary Brisbane.
6May53: Tadas Justinas Matulevicius, born Birstanas, Lithuana. 5ys Aust. Now Lismore.
28May53: Lismore Peace Committee sending Charles Molyneaux to conference Bucharest, Rumania.
3Jun53: Leander Sanfried Fors, aged 53, of Billinudgel drives car into Dunbible Creek with Ellen Maria Kastren of Park Farm and Waldimar Soderholm, aged 53, of Main Arm, as passengers.
6Jun53: Milan Edward Hlavenka, 32yr old Czech uni lecturer and Tweed cane cutter 1949, bashed to death Melbourne.
23Jun53 Carl Richard Jorgenson, theatre projectionist Bangalow
26Jun53: Czech Danny Korycan of Brisbane St Murbah. Out of work.
3Jul53: 92 migrants for Richmond canefields + 12 ‘abos’
29Jul53: Estonian Tiikjarv Vaino, born 1923 Tallin, Estonia, landed 1947.
8Sep53: Netherlands Ambassador to open Lismore Show
17Sep53: Dutch Van de Broek family arrive Murbah. Plan to bring large numbers of Dutch.
22Sep53 and 23Oct: Czech Rudolf Pakarek will be conducing ABC Orchestra when it visits Murbah. + New Aust Bela Dekany
9Oct53: Migrants made focus of Civic Week Murbah.
27Nov53: Latvian Anton Keise of South Murbah sprung making national Latvian drink. Fined.
30Dec53: Yugoslav Migrant Ladislaw Pesti. 4yrs Aust

26Mar/15Jul54: Otto Wieding, 34, former German soldier, landed 1953.
11Jun54: Jean Paul Devillers, born Nancy, France, 5yrs Aust now Nth Tumbulgum. + Paulette Emilienne Devillers, born Pesancon, Douba, France ditto. + Mrs A. Van der Schalk, Dutch, first captain of an Australian Guides Co, Southport.
28Jun54: Jan Dyszel, born Polsen, Poland, 5yrs Aust now Tweed heads.
29Jun54 Otto Vazarck aged 25 New Australian of Tyagarah
8Jul54: Marie Leco-Delatombel, stateless person, born Plazovesscensh, Russia, 5yrs  Aust now Tweed Heads
9Jul54: Joe Papajcsik, born Veprod, Hungary, 5yrs Aust, now Clothiers Creek. + Anna, born Kula, Hungary, Joe Jnr, b. Kula, Ilona b. Kula, Imre b. Bonyretalap, Hungary. + Anton Kanyo, b. Nagyfeng, Hungary, also Clothiers Creek
10Jul54: Eva Streck, born Pelsosofalva, Rumania, 5yrs Aust now Condong. Elizabeth Papp, born Kisapus, Rumania, 5yrs Aust now Condong + Alexander Papp, born Kolozsvar, Romania, 5yrs Aust now Condong.
17Jul54: Roland Erwin Schwentke, 26, and Gislind Arnold, 27, escaped from East Berlin. Now Murbah. + Albert Vincze, born Remete, Hungary, 4.5yrs Aust, now Kingscliff.
31Jul54: James Karklins, born Rega, Latvia, 5yrs Aust, now Mooball.
3Aug54: Klavdia R. Vajenin, Russian nationality, born Harbin, China, 5yrs Aust now Tweed Heads.
1Nov54 : German couple married Murbah. Ursula and Jihn Schone
14Dec54: Finnish hatred of Russia ‘ something apart’ – Tweed Heads Rotary
16Dec54: Robert Krauer, born Uster, Switzerland, 25yrs Aust, now Tomewin
22Dec54: New Settlers League arrange for war orphans to spend xmas hols with various families.

20Jan55: Melchior Adamski, born Jerzykowo, Poland, 5yrs Aust now Sth Murbah.
9Feb55: Mrs William Northagel, born Alberta, Canada, and German husband, sharefarming Tweed.
13Feb55: German Karl Muller with wife and 7 children in urgent need of work. Been Aust 3mths.
22Feb55: Joe Giovanelli, former headmaster Murbah high. Foundation member of Murbah Rotary 1938.
6Apr55: Ignaz Sikora (John), Polish national, born Kastrop Rauxel, Germany, 5yrs Aust now Duroby
27May55: Inge Newman, 20yr old from Wiesbaden, Germany, comes to join aunt and uncle Mr and Mrs K. Schaaft of Leo Flats, Palm Beach
7Jun55: Joe Papajcsik addresses Murbah Rotary after sponsorship to Gatton.
19Oct56: Tasman Zingleman formerly of Crabbes Creek and Main Arm married Margaret Batchelor
17Nov56: 48yr old Yugoslav, Cedomir Nikolic of Tweed Heads.
14Dec56: Young German migrant 29yr old Egin Nickel, hungry Murbah
20Dec56: Hungarian Relief Fund Murbah
24Dec56: Farewell to Jack Sattler. Peter Wolff, German, Mrs Giecewicz, German, Mr Van der Brook, Dutch.

29Jan57: Young Romanian migrants find wealth Southport. John Vancea 33, cousin Vasil Vancea, 30, amd Michael Pansari, 32. Motels. Previously copper mine Mt Isa.
1Jun57: Aldo Antolovic, former Yugoslav policeman.
7Jun57: Migrant crime rate = 3.7 per 1000. Aust = 7.4/1000.
11Jan57: Hungarian Relief Fund Mullum
4Oct57: Bush fire Upper Main Arm. 4 acres of U. Soderholm’s plantation burnt out. Plus 10 acres of C. Mills.
16Oct57: Miss Finland, Marita Lindahl of Helsinki, crowned Miss World.
18Oct1957: M. Hoogeruorst has Brunswick Heads Café Milk Bar for sale £3500 + £150 stock. 3 – 4 years lease. Rent £12 per week with residence. £200 per week gross takings. £40 -£50 net profit per week.
25Oct57 Antonios G. L. T. Ruytes of Holland now Bangalow naturalized + Marcia F. T. Ruyters + Imre Schnieder of Hungary now Byron Bay
25Oct57. Daily News: Misses Neromea and Frangoise Boersma from Holland guests of Mr and Mrs C.R. Jorgensen of Bangalow.
9Dec57: Photo of Van der Brock family of Tyalgum at Good Neighbour Council Christmas Party in Murbah.
17Dec57: Ambassador to West Germany farewells 1143 migrants to Aust. 803 Germans and remainder Scandinavians and Polish Jews.

22Jan58: 13yr old Aiya Ekis topped state in QLD Scholarship exams and won Lilley Medal and other awards. Arrived from Latvia 1947. Another Lativan, Valdis Egile Garutz, 18, topped last years State Senior Exams.
11Mar58: Mr Joseph Moubarak arrives in area researching Lebanese settlement. Interviewed by Daily News. Visiting members of families of Lebanese pioneers who live on Tweed. Landed Aust 1950. Lives Sydney. 20,600 people of Lebanese origin in Aust.
14Mar58 Mart Verk naturalized
7May58: Mr J.L. Merrotsy, secretary of Tweed Banana Festival.
17Jun58 Petrus Johannes Molenaar, permission to pump water Parish of Tooland, County of Rous
25Jun58: Mr Downer advises Australia has begun a new drive to attract more migrants from Scandinavian countries which could bring between 5000 and 6000 here in the coming year…treble the 57-58 intake. First advert had been placed in Danish newspapers and already 1100 replies from prospective migrants had been received.
19Jul58: Dannish Consul General opens Mullum show
18Aug58: Runes Elfsborg dies Coolangatta.
19Aug58: Mr W. Britcher, former Afrika Corps officer, paid tribute to Rommel at Coolangatta-Tweed Heads Rotary meeting. Photo of Peter Ericksen Paulsen under heading ‘migrant makes good’. Head porter at Lennons Broadbeach Hotel. Came from Denmark early 1957.
24Aug58: Home of Mr and Mrs W. Holm of The Pocket, setting for farewell party to Mrs and Mrs H. Eakin of Mullum.
8Sep58: Tony Malik/Ota Prochazka speeding charge Tweed Heads.
23Sep58: Mrs Marhilda Bertha Schneid, one of earliest residents and pioneer Mudgeeraba died Southport aged 76. Born Germany and came to Mudg aged 11. Husband Joseph.
25Sep58: Edward Pluis aged 30 of Dum Dum. Car plunged 80ft into Byrill Crk.
27Sep58: Photo of Clair and Kitty Lufhjeim of Finland. Both selected to start nursing course Melbourne. Arrived with parents and grandparents 1954.
27Sep58: Mr J.H. Klein dies age 72 at Oakey. Formerly Dunbible and buried Murbah. Lived Dunbible for 26yrs. Came from Ler, Germany. Married Margaret Ann Dare 1942 Warwick. She died Murbah. 2 daughters
30Sep58: Photo of German migrant Karl Huttidger aged 27 cane cutting Maclean. Arrived July1953.
28Oct58: Photo Maria Marcovich aged 17 of Brisbane, visiting Murbah.
8Nov58: George Teremi and Imri Toth, both Hungarians in Cooangatta. Both aged 21 and assistant cooks at Surfers Paradise.
20Nov58: Photo Walter J. Brichta of Southport. Member of Rommels Afrika Corps.
25Nov58: Mrs Adriana Zevenbergen 100,000the Dutch immigrant. Family settled Newcastle.
28Nov58: Mr G. Virine, New Australian, presents statue to Surfers Paradise SLSC.
16Dec58: Frenchman Edgar Zarb and sister Mrs S.G. Whitehouse Surfers Paradise. Came Aust 1928.
Mervyn C. Goronszy passes Leaving Certf Murbah.
19Dec58: Mr and Mrs E. Nyman came from Finland some years ago. Been NSW and business Sydney. Came Surfers Paradise last July. Bought block of flats on Hwy and named Findlandia.

7Jan59: Hungarian architect Mr J.J. Munster buys 5acres Terranora Hgts and develops model township. (21Jan59 on market. Deposit £34. 6 blocks under £295.
12Jan59: Patricia G. Bjorland and Vaidis Noviks gain Intermediate Murbah.
28Jan59: Two Sweedish children (12 and 14) who cannot speak English amongst many new nationalities in the 1000 new pupils Surfers-Southport school.
11Feb59: Migrants Show how to tackle problems: Mr and Mrs I.C. Landers arrived from Holland 1951 and now proprietors of Waikiki Motel Surfers Paradise.
6Feb59: Dutch visitors Mullum
7Mar59: 44 New Australians naturalized Murbah. Largest ceremony ever held Murbah: Norm Apostoloff, Louis Atzis, Antonio Bacchetti, Milorad Backic, Arturo, Angela and Carmela Biasotto, Gerren Jan Bobeldijk, Caterina and Settino Bonomini, Nelly Delgano, Guiseppe Ebenestelle, Severina Ghidinelli, Chris Emmanuel Gianis, Georgette and Pierre Charles Andre Matuchet, Maria and Peter Minisini, John Ivan Gradisnik, Elefteria Mpanos, Abramo and Teresa Pirlo, Ida and Leo Ridolfi, Traitche Ristitch, Matteo Rostagno, Luigi Leonardo Santamaria, Luigi Scuri, Anne Adriana Sinclair, Djura Stosic, Jean Tomson, Constantinos Tsikos, Ludovicus Gerardus, J. Van Den Broek, Petrus Antonius Van Den Broek, Catherine Zakas, Bartolomea and Battista Zambelli, Giovanni B. Zanolini, Medardo R. and Iole Marie Mauro, Edward Marshwicki, Francesco Bartolotti, Harm and Johanna Josma H. Van Der Werf.
14Mar59: Mr W. Eichmann. 30acres bananas Tomewin, wins lottery
14Mar59: Mr E.J. Tavanlor, Phillipines delegate to ECAFE at Surfers has bad impression of Aust.
19Mar59: Mr Ebeling of Brunswick Heads.
14Apr59 Lars Larsen clergyman + Rose + Rebecca, something at Yelgun
14May59: Southport naturalization ceremony. Frederick Kozierowski and 6 others.
27May59: Hans Eitmann age 19 break and enter Coolangatta.
29May59: Alexander Kryloff, 27yr old Russian. Vagrant Southport. 10yrs Aust.
3Jun59: 13 New Australians Albert Shire. Mostly Slacks Creek. Nat ceremony Southport 6June won headlines ‘Migrants Playing Big Part In Our Development’. Australia’s progress in the past 10yrs would have been only half what it is but for the contribution made by one million migrants…. He said that two of every three employees engaged on the Snowy River scheme were New Australians, as were 80% of those engaged in the steel industry, which had doubled in the last 10 years. They comprised 73% of the work force in the sugar industry…..
22Jul59: Editorial Murbah ‘Australia’s Bid For Migrants. Annual target 115,000. …prospects include 11000 Germans and 7000 from Finland and other northern European Countries.
28Jul59: Mr and Mrs W. Holm host party Middle Pocket for junior farmers.
30Jul59: Theo Theelan, 38yr old Hungarian, head chef at Lennons Broadbeach Hotel. Married with 4 kids.
15Aug59: Dr Gotti, Hungarian, holds Terranora Field Day.
19Sep59: Bartolomew Dusina, 48yr old of Upper Burringbar
Bartolomew Bacchetti, banana grower of Reserve Creek also developing plantation at Crabbes Creek
1Dec59: Johannes Marinus Janssen from Holland and now Brunswick Heads naturalized

26Jan60: Elma Holmkvist, eldst dau of Mr and Mrs O.E. Holmkvist of Billinudgel, engagaed to Douglas Bostock.
12Feb60: Victa Smith, age 20, Yugoslav, faced deportation after conviction for vagrancy Southport.
27May60: R. Liljestrom in Mullum Seniors soccer team.
31May60: Gerald Jansen of Holland naturalized
9Aug60: Mrs Johanna Ruyters age 72 dies Hertogenbosch Holland. Mother of Mrs John Robinson of Lismore, Tony of Bangalow and Jan of Lismore (25Oct57: First Public Naturalization Ceremony Byron Shire: Antonios G.L.J Ruyters and Maud F.T. Ruyters of Bangalow + Imre Schnierer of Hungary and Salvatore Duro of Italy)
14Jan63: Ilona Anna Pajcsik highest Leaving Certificate score North Coast.

Murbah 1950:
Goronszy at Condong Range, Johansen x 14 at Stokers Siding, Cudgera and Pottsville, Carl Severin Jorgensen, Kanute Valfrid Nordlund cane farming at Condong, Osling at Stokers Siding, Van Santos at Upper Burringbar growing bananas, Sauverin x 2, Johanes Hendrikus Schenk timber getting, Rolf Waldemar Soderholn teaching at Doon Doon. Helmer St. Olaf Bjorland farming at Banora Point. Ehlrfeldt x 2 at Banora Point, Enrest Carl Hoschke, August Gustaf Tringet Korsch at Tumbulgum + 3 others Cudgen, Paul Frederick Gustav Kunshe at Duranbah, Olie Lecica Markos, Wilhelmine Adolfine Neuendorf at Cobaki + 3, Orlov, Ostrom, Otto, Rotumbah, Staats, Van der wall, Zumpf.

Leases/Purchases – Capital Review Board:
Anton Lennart Snabb transfer of property near Mullum Mar-Aug42
Anton Lennart Snabb and Marjorie Snabb lease Nimbin Jul45-Nov45.
Alfred Ekland purchase Mullum district Jul43
Mrs E.M. Roos and Mr L.S. Fors purchase Mullum district Feb-Jun44
Gustav and Ellen Kastren purchase from M.A. Graham Mullum district Jul46-Jan47
Viktor Johannes Holmnas lease Billinudgel Jul-Dec45
Eric John Holm purchase from vendor G.Q. Williams (Billinudgel?) May-Sep46
Jan Vasile Radu lease Murbah Dec44-Apr45
Jan Vasile Radu Upper Burringbar Dec42-Feb43
Jon Vasile Radu from lessor W.O. Edwards Nov-Dec46
(Radu was b. 1903 Sibu/Vale Sabin/Vale Sabiu in Romania, but when he came to Australia in 1924 he was resident in Greece. He moved around South Australia until the early 1930s. He enlisted at Mullum giving NOK Anna Radu. But he must have been discharged by late 1942 to acquire the first of his leases.)
Dagfin Olsen lease Upper Burringbar May-Aug44
Mrs Lillian Gerturd Weil Murbah district Aug-Nov 43
Anton Hugo Weil lease Burringbar Sep-Nov43
Paul Crainean lease/purchase Murbah district Sep-Dec44

Tweed Herald and Brunswick Chronicle
13Aug07: K. Hiendlemayr cp 06.78 Cudgen disallowed
J.E. Schrader Cp o6.109 of 80 acres parish of Wanga Womga, withdrawl permitted

Tweed Times and Brunswick Advocate:

1May01:Three Maltese fishermen living South Murwillumbah.
24Jun05: Alfred Modoni, son of Paolo of Locano, Switzerland, married Minnie O’Dea Murbah. (Alfred John Modini b. 1866 Toowoomba, 2^nd child of Paolo. Palo son of Carlo Modini and Cecilia (Padrotta) Modini and came from Locano 1839 aged 16 with an uncle.)
14Feb06: P. Modini in the Murbah Gaslight Handicap.
4Aug06 A. Modini, a bookkeeper in employ of Mr R. McTackett, the builder of Murbah, charged with assaulting Michael Flanagan at South Murbah. In late 1909 he was a builder and contractor himself, opposite Dainer’s in the Main Street, ~ next to the Greek cafe. But in 1911 he was living in Mullum and was the Vice President of The Tweed Rugby Union Association.
21Mar06: Carl J. Back of Mullum seeks approval from land board for sp1059. Joseph Abood for ocp0581 Murbah (and 7Jul06)
29May06: 3 Russians ‘from Lithuania, a country that adjoins Russian Finland, and no better immigrants could be desired for Australia than these and their neighbours the Finns. They are liberty loving, industrious, cleanly, and sober race….
23Dec06: Adolphos Josef Weitz, assault Lismore, arrested Bangalow
5Jan07: In 1906, 1187 persons were naturalized in Australia. Nearly half of them were Germans, there being certificates issued to 446 from that country. Swedes 144, Italians 95, Danes 92, Russians (including 29 Finns and 13 Poles) 89, Norwegians 73, Greeks 52, North Americans 42, Austrians 40, French 35. Distribution: NSW 475, Vic 301, QLD 177, WA 150, SA 45, Tas 39. The total is 69 above that of 1905.
6Apr07: K. Back got conditional lease 06-2 at Lismore.
30May07: R. Hagerbaun and C. Schrader in Sports day event.
13Aug07: K. Hiendlmayr cp 06-78 at Cudgen disallowed by Land Board
14Aug07: Messrs G. Smith and Locarnini road building Tyalgum. [Anthony Locarnini died 1921 Tyalgum aged 88. Wife Matilda from Swiss village of Semintina arrived 1900 and died Murbah 1940 aged 87.]
5Sep1907 and 21Jul10: C. Armbruster in IXL Store next to Courts bakery.
7Sep07: Mr and Mrs Erichs return from Germany. Henry Hortzman charged Murbah. H. Kartzmann of Bangalow (4Sep)
28Sep07: At Terranora, 36 acres of cane belonging to Messrs Kukulies and Purcell was destroyed
16Nov07: Antonio Lamon drowned Emmigrant Creek, Tintenbar
27Nov07: Gustav and Ann Augusta Kukulies, cane farmers Terranora. An Augustus Kukulies was recorded as a labourer at Cudgen in 1915.
25Dec07: O.Schrader forfeits cp of 40 acres Billinudgel
10Feb09: Dannish Foreign Minister tries to dissuade immigrants from going to Aust.
27Feb09: (Maybe Byron Bay Record?) Mr W. Back of Burringbar was offered at Burringbar £16 per acre for his farm of 296 acres…..
2Dec11: Mrs Hilan of ‘Mount Ararat’ near Mullumbimby died aged 40. nee Schwiekerts of Clarence. Husband W. Hilan
14May12: Angelo Julian musician Billinudgel. (Benedet Julien was a post WW2 Italian grower at Crabbes Creek?)
6Mar13: Carl Eilersou charged in Mullum.
4-14Mar1914: Olaf Jensen real estate agent, insurance agent, labour exchange, and other agencies Murbah.
5Feb14: 60yr old Carl Eilersen charged with insufficient means of support. Living at the back of the Nelson Building, Mullum. Carl Ferdinand Eilerson listed as a bricklayer Mullum 1915.
3Jul14: W.C.Hess (late of Germany)… Medical Herbalist of Commercial Rd Murbah next to Kerchers.

Alanen, August - Nationality: Finnish (or Russian Finn) - Alien Registration Certificate No 10 issued at Lismore 1916
 Hayden, George [born San Francisco] - Nationality: American - Alien Registration Certificate No. 50 issued 31 October 1916 at Lismore
Herbolsheimer, Joseph - Nationality: German - Alien Registration Certificate No 32 issued at Murwillumbah
Frohlich, Morrice David - Nationality: Austrian - Alien Registration Certificate No 5 of 1916 issued 17 October 1916 at Murwillumbah, Certificate No 1368 issued 30 January 1920 at Darlinghurst
Peterson, Albert Gustaveson - Nationality: Norwegian - Alien Registration Certificate No 6 issued 18 May 1918 at South Lismore

Mullumbimby Star

6Oct06 Star: Messrs Hagerbaum and McArthur, jewellers and mercers Dalley Street.
5Sep07: Mr and Mrs Erichs, Germans, return to Mullum.
30Jul08: Back Bros start building sawmill on their property at Devil's Lookout, Goonengerry/Coopers Creek. ...with good management this should be a successful venture as it is surrounded by an inexhaustible forest of splendid hardwood. (Note: Jacky Back was main face of business. Brother Billy was a silent partner as he was probably at Burringbar at this time.)
19Aug09: E.J. Erichs of Main Arm
17Mar10: Mr J. Back has a fine crop of tomatoes growing on his Wilson's Creek property. He readily finds sale for them in Mullumbimby
24Mar10: L & J Farrugia in Easter Monday Sports
30Jun10: Mr Back intends opening his mill as soon as the weather takes up. (Probably a second mill to that above. First was Goonengerry, second at Upper Wilson's Creek.)
14Jul10: Mrs Farrugia managing 13 cottages Bruns for rent.
3Nov10: Back mill up and running Wilson's Crk. 'Splendid stacks of timber.'
4Mar11: Mr and Mrs Peter Ebeling from Denmark diamond wedding. He 89, she 85. Landed 1872. Came Mullum 6yrs ago to live with son Henry who had been Mullum 20yrs
20Jul11: Mrs Catherine Ebeling dies age 86
5Oct11: Father of Henry and Peter Nelson died Lismore. Came from Denmark many years ago. Served in war against Germany 1848/49. Four sons
10Oct12: Back mill Wilson's Crk almost burnt down.
14Aug13: Neil Neilsen, early Town Clerk, nephew of Peter and Henrick
11Sep13: H. Ebeling installed in Masonic Lodge.
11Dec13: Neil P. Neilson, died aged 65 Lismore. Came to Aust from Denmark 1882 and farmed Bangalow. Brother of Peter and Henrick.
5Feb14: Carl Eilersen insufficient means of support, aged 60. M. Petgovitch (Matteo Petrovich) of Billinudgel
23Apr14: Frank Degotardi of Middle Pocket
30Apr14: Mrs A Farrugia of Bruns has holiday home village of Malta.
28May14: Hindu Mullah, underpaid by Roby of Coopers Creek. Jacky Back witness for Mullah ...The climax was reached however, when another witness asked if he would be allowed to swear on his own Bible. No exception was taken till it was found out that the book in question was in French….
11Jun14: M. Petcovich elected vice Pres Billinudgel Dairyman’s Assoc
25Jun14: Mrs F. Ebeling of Crabbes Creek
20Aug14: C. Elepheldet Billinudgel
3Sep14: Mattio Peteovich donates to war fund
24Sep14: May Florence Ebeling dau of Mr and Mrs H. of Main Arm… marries. Reception at Carkagis Bros café
22Oct14: ‘You b---- German b---‘ insulting words
26Nov14: Father of Mr H. Ebeling died Main Arm, aged 93. Mrs Ebeling died 15mths ago.
10Dec14: Children’s Court – one kid bit another after being called a German.

27May15: Mr Erichs of Stratheden  ‘Though Mr Erichs is a Dane by Birth, he is quite Australian in feeling and has reared a family of accomplished colonials
3Jun15: Carl Schrader, licensed boatman Bruns
3Jun15: Council debates internment of Germans, Turks and Austrians.
7Jun15: H.F.D.O. Schrader died at home Brunswick Heads. Arrived from Germany 1864 and resided these parts for about 20yrs. Vice Pres of Mullum Progress Assoc. Wine grower
17Jun15: Letter by ‘Amen’. I am simply ashamed of those Australians who so vigorously advocate the internment of all German residents…
8Jul15: It has been said that Mr W. Back of this town is of German nationality….word received that Mr E.J. Erichs (now of Doubtful Creek, Casino, but late of Main Arm,…. A native of Denmark…
11Jul15: Emil Julius Erichs dies Casino
22Jul15: W. Back Qld sheep farm
22Jul15: letter… England’s colonies are to become the property of a triumphant Germany. Australia is the ideal region for German colonists to begin in…It is a white man’s country…
5Aug15: W.A. Back largest individual donor war fund after J.N. Hollingsworth
12Aug15: Wife of H. Ebeling dies, native of Denmark
2Sep15: Perry MLA supports internment of Germans

13Jan16: Joe Zeen of Billinudgel is said to be the champion milker on the North Coast. Besides being able to burst open the ends of cows teats, he has the reputation of squirting the bottoms out of buckets.
3Feb16: G.T. Wonstrom, jeweller and optician. Letter As some person interested has been circulating that I am a German…. Born Sweden
3Feb16: K. Hiendelmayer of Billinudgel made a donation to the Allies Day Appeal. Along with M. Petcovitch, H. Bassman and L. Krauth. Plus R. Pederson of Crabbes Creek and Mrs Sandeeson of Bruns. Carl, a stock inspector, and Mary Hiendlinayr listed Billi 1915.
17Feb16: Carl Zoeller has been interned. Lip loyality is easy, but…. But Star still taking his money for adverts.
24Feb16: Wonstrom of Nelson buildings selling up to enlist
16Mar16: F.H Schwonberg, coroner of Maclean, removed from duty
10May16: Andrew Vellas died at Dunbible aged 39. Vellas is a name popular on Malta.
30May16: George Eistreich of Goonengerry charged for keeping his children away from school.
19Jun16: C. Habertmon participates in Grand Patriotic Sports day.
20Jul16: D. Tiato enlisted Mullum.
17Aug16: Peter Olsen, Norwegian, dies age 62. Selected Mullum 34yrs ago.
21Mar18: Beatrice Nelson, dau of Peter, born Bruns 1886, dies Mullum
20Jun18: Tom Farrugia sells out after 18yrs in boat business Bruns. He and son Louis going into deep sea fishing.
1May19: Carl F. Erlicksen prosecuted by council’s ‘Inspector of Nuisances’.
31Jul19: Jacob and Gottlieb Fisher die from Spanish Flu. Jacob came Mullum 35 to 40yrs ago. Cedar getters. Gottlieb and brother Jim built first house Mullumbimby.
11Sep19: Charles Jacob Haberley, born Wurtemburg, Germany, resident 6yrs Aust and now Brunswick Heads, seeks naturalization
24Nov21: Hollingworth acquires timber rights on Jacky Back's Goonengerry properties.
18Sep36: W.A. Back, auctioneer, has banana plantations for sale from £120 to £240.

11Jul52: Traffic accident Yelgun. Karl John Back, an aged Billinudgel farmer, ... told the Magistrate that he did not recollect having been hit, nor having arrived at the spot where he was picked up. His first recollection after the accident was of lying in a car. The car was going somewhere, he said, but he did not know where and had not been interested in where it was going. He remembered having been in Tweed Hospital and believed he had been been there for six or seven weeks. He had been treated for eight or nine broken bones, Back said.

General Mullum

The Danes, headed by Henrik Nielson, probably a carpenter who turned up in the 1870s, seem to be the earliest non British settlers Mullum District.
Henrik constructed the ‘Ocean View Hotel’ at Brunswick Heads in 1884 from cedar cut and sawn locally by William Reilly. [William Reilly and German wife, Bertha Augusta Schlicart, arrived in 1881 and took up a 40 acre selection around where Gordon and Dalley Streets now stand.]
Henrik was also amongst the first ferry operators across the Brunswick and one of the first settlers along Mullumbimby Creek where his selection, known as Mooyabil, became the site for a school and public hall after his donation of land.
His brother Peter established the first store at Bruns in 1884 before becoming prominent in construction and development in Mullum, notably the Nelson Building in Burringbar Street.
A third brother, Neil P. Neilson, came to Aust in 1882 and farmed at Bangalow where he died in 1913 aged 65. Neil Neilsen, the secretary of the Agricultural Society and the first shire clerk of the Mullum Municipality, was the nephew of Heinrik, Peter and Neil. He moved to Kingaroy before the war.

Another early Dane was Henry Ebeling who rolled up from the Clarence in 1891 and later selected a farm next to the Norwegian Peter Olson. He and his parents had arrived from Denmark in 1872. Listed at Coorabel Creek, Bangalow, mid 1905 but apparently Main Arm sometime before the war. In early 1910 following the Federal election a Mr Ebeling was a foundation member of the Mullum branch of the Labour League. Henry’s wife, also a native of Denmark, died in late 1915 leaving 3 sons and 3 daughters. They had been married at Tatham, on the Richmond, in 1878.

Yet another Danish couple was Mr and Mrs Emil Julius Erichs, who turned up in the area at least before the turn of the century. The 1901 census shows Emile at Myocum as ‘head of the household’ of 2 males and 3 females. But in early 1907 he sold this 132 acre Myocum farm through W.R. Baker’s real estate company to Mr Fisher of Tyagarah for £20 per acre and moved to Main Arm. The family settled in the Casino district in 1912 but made regular visits back to Mullum. It seems that the Erichs were implied to be Germans while they farmed at Main Arm and, during the war years, Editor Cameron twice went out of his way to describe them as Danes. Emil died in 1915 and was portrayed as a model farmer and much esteemed by a very large crowd of friends. Erichs was one of the trustees of the 6 acre Main Arm Reserve for the Preservation of Native Trees established opposite the Durrumbul School in late 1909.

Peter Olson, born in Norway in 1854, initially had a fling in South America before selecting a farm at Main Arm in 1882. He was prominent in the School of Arts, serving on the committee for many years and holding the positions of vice President, treasurer and Auditor. He was a keen member of the Presbyterian church and was in the choir a long number of years.
Herman Francis Otto Schrader was a German who landed in 1864 and made his way to the Mullum district in about 1895. He was recorded at Coorabel in 1901. He plus Margaret and Charles listed Brunswick Heads 1906 where he was a road building contractor. He was Vice President of the Mullumbimby Progress Association, a pioneer grape grower, wine maker and tobacco grower. He died at his home on Brunswick Road (Argyle Street) in mid 1915, a month before Emil Erichs.
Charles Jacob Haberley was enrolled as a carpenter in Mullum in 1909, implying he was naturalized. But in late 1919 he or another Charles Haberley applied for naturalization and stated he had arrived from the village of Wurtemburg in Germany in 1857? He was living at Brunswick Heads at the time of his application.
Charles Henry Haberman listed as a grocer of Stuart St 1921 + Esther Winifred Haberman.

Also from Wurttemburg were George and Regina Fischer. They landed in 1853 and were amongst the large German colony on the Clarence before making their way to the Richmond. George died at ‘Wilsons Ridge’ in 1885 and Regina in Mullum in 1910, at which time she had 35 grandchildren and 27 great grandchildren. All their children. John, Jacob, James, David, George, Rudolf, Gottlieb and Mrs Johanna Godfrey, were Australian born. Jim (Francis James) and John, were amongst the earliest cedar getters on the Brunswick, while Jim and Gottlieb cut the timber for the first house in Mullum, the first pub, and for the railway bridge across the Bruns.

L.S. Krauth opened a bakery business Nelson Building in the early war years after being burnt out at Burringbar. He may be connected to the original Krauth family from Wurttemberg, Germany, who landed in 1855 and later made their way to the Richmond. The patriarch, Johann, a baker, died in Casino in 1897.  His wife, Maria Therese Bauer, may be connected to the Bauers of Mullum.
[Yet another Mullum/Wurttemberg connection may come through Mrs G.J. Endres who ran The Ideal Café in Dalley Street through the 1950s. The original Endres family settled on the Richmond and Casino.]
[And maybe connected was Albert H. Ehlefeldt of Burringbar. He had a store there by at least 1900 and often identified in Mullum.]

Another mystery man was Mattio Petcovitch who selected a farm at Billinudgel in mid 1893 and was enrolled at The Pocket in 1903. He and the Dane Peter Nelson were the first to purchase town blocks along Brunswick Terrace, fronting the river. He was elected vice President of Billinudgel Dairyman’s Association 1914, and was a large donor to the WW1 Patriotic Fund. Son Everet identified 1920. Perhaps he was a Finn of Russian extraction? Matti is a Finn name and he seems to have been a Catholic if that’s a clue. He and Annie Petcovitch listed as retired Mullum 1921. Probably the same Mattio Petcovich who married Annie Judson in 1919 Sydney.
19Jul05: What is said to be the finest Teak log ever seen in the district was felled on Mr Matteo Petkovitch’s farm at Billinudgel the other day. 32yds long and 26ft girth.

It’s possible the first identifiable Finn, Jacky Back (Karl Johan Ohls), may have been drawn here by the mysterious Charlie Andersson. Author Koivukangas remarks that Even before the brothers Karl and Wilhelm Back, there had been an ex-seaman called Charlie Andersson in the area, who had taken up a selection at Meranburn for sheep grazing.  [There were six Sandeesons listed at Myocum 1903 and seven at Tyagarah 1909. A bloke called Sandeeson, sometimes Sandersson, was continually recorded at Billinudgel. In 1917 Mrs Sandeeson of Myocum moved to QLD where she died 1922 aged 75.]

The circumstances of the Maltese, Antonio Farrugia, are a mystery but he was a ferry operator at Brunswick Heads with the Dane Henrik Nelson in the 1880s and was an established boat builder at Bruns by at least 1900. He also has the distinction to be the first Mullum resident connected to the white man’s talking machine in 1912. His wife, Evangelina, returned to Malta for a holiday in early 1914 and seems to have been trapped there for the duration of the war.
1901 census shows A. Farrugia living Ballina St Lismore with 1 other male and 1 female.
His son Louis Farrugia had a ferry service at Bruns in the early 1900s and later had a string of fishing boats. He is probably the same L. Farrugia who starred in the 10st 7lb boxing tournament at Mullum in late 1909. [Harry Atwell, who had the Billiard Saloon in the Richard’s Building down the Station end of Burringbar Street, was the local boxing promoter and organised matches two and three times a week in his open air stadium on a vacant lot on the corner of Burringbar and Station. It was a 250 seater opened in late 1909 and seems to have become Mullum’s main entertainment outlet. Business was so good that Atwell & Davis built the 700 seat, 156 ft circumference ‘Sports Hall’ in a paddock fronting McGougan’s lane early 1910. Also used as a skating rink. Harry moved off to Sydney in 1912/13 to become a wheel in the Sports promotion game.]
‘Tom’ Farrugia retired in 1918, at which time his son Louis acquired 15 ton motor boat and went into the deep sea fishing business.
Antonio, Concetta, Evangelina, Louis John and Spiro Farrugia all listed Bruns 1915.
T, L & J Farrugia were starters in the Easter Monday Sports Carnival Mullum 4Mar1910, along with H. Ehlefeldt. I. Farruga identified 3Feb1916.
The Farrugias probably suffered the same hassles as the Greeks through WW1 to 1921 when the Maltese were subject to the same draconian restrictions.
The first Maltese into Australia was the convict Angelo Farrugia.
20Aug10 Northern Star: Frank Despatista of Malta. House Chindera.
In Sep1916 it was reported that a group of 97 Maltese was about to land in Oz. Confronted with this, the Minister for External Affairs, Hugh Mahon, declared: Hitherto the dictation test has not been applied to natives of Malta, but in the event of a rush of large numbers of persons of a foreign race its application would be justified. They landed and were dubbed the Black Menace by the AWU and an unsuccessful attempt made to deport them to New Caledonia.

Other non Brit names include:

1901 Census: Gustaf Husberg living on his own in a house/hut at J.E. Glasgow’s sawmill in Mullum.
1903 Elec roll: Julius Christian Gottleib Haack and Theresa Johanna Haack at Upper Burringbar. Both at Anderson’s Hill 1906. Johan Frangott Radel at Rolands Creek. John Henry William and Emma Ehlefeldt, storekeepers at Burringbar. Julius Gustav Adolf Zuhlke, doctor at Bangalow.
Mullum Star 1906 Adverts: Rudolph Robert Hagerbaum, watchmaker in Mullum. Alfred Reuben Leopold Shum, labourer and Henry Herbert Conrade Shum, sawyer, both Mullum. Rasmus Pederson, farmer at Billinudgel. (The Danes Henrik and Peter Nielson were the sons of Niels Pederson. H. Pederson had a banana farm at Montecollum in late 1930s.). Frederick Haerchener at Coopers Shoot.
1908: Henry Schamun, drover of Mullum. Alfred and Florence Schweber at Main Arm. Charles Frederick Schwinghammer, farmer at Mullumbimby Creek.
1909: Gustaf William Semgreen, farmer at Byron Creek, Bangalow.
1915: Gjertrud Maria Sorenson, domestic duties Mullum. Otto Ernest Dunninski, labourer Main Arm. Angelo Julian, teamster at Crabbes Creek

Northern Star

15Sep1894: Antonio Dagovitsch, a cane cutter of Wyrallah. Death of Charles Hansen, native of Norway, cane cutter.
13Sep11: Carl Zoeller & Co Ltd opens Lismore. History. Catalogue – 50pages. Includes cutlery etc as well as medical and vet  instruments
11Oct11: G.E. Gustafson. 3.5yrs in town. Woodlark St Now in new building of Dr Muller who bought Webster’s property Molesworth and erected Beehive building housing Olympia café.
12Mar12: Hans Christian Tordenskjold. Drunk
10Apr12: Cooperatives in Finland – Farming.
7Aug12: G.E. Gustafson, sec of RR Rugby Union and donator of trophies.
15Nov12: Olaf Joransen, Norwegian
3Oct14: Germans in Australia. The other fellows view. German immigrant

30Mar15: Joseph Paul August Zblow of Casino.
25Apr15: Carl Zoeller in big display showgrounds decorated in union jack and other flags. Grand Patriotic Carnival.
18May15: Asked in Court. ‘Has any German or son of a German been discharged from the employ of council….
1Jun15: Internment of the Enemy. A discussion arose at the Lismore Municipal Council meeting last night in regard to the internment of natives of enemy countries resident in New South Wales. The Manly Council forwarded a resolution with which co-operation was invited that all males born in Germany, Austria or Turkey, of military age, now residing in this State, whether naturalized or not, should be interned until the conclusion of the war. The Deputy Mayor (Ald. C. McKenzie) moved and Ald Norton seconded, that co-operation be granted.  Ald Boa opposed…. To intern all without any evidence that they were disloyal would be a decided wrong, and for his part he would never be a party to inflicting it on any body of men irrespective of whether they were Russians, Germans, Greeks or anyone else…. The motion was carried with …?. the dissentients
3Jun15: The War Precautions Act
3Jun15: L to E by ‘Loyalist. A Loyal Proposal. As a colonial born of German parentage, with an Austalian wife and kiddies, I crave space to protest against the unfair way in which a certain section of the community still persist in doubting our loyality to the British flag…
9Jun1915: L to E by ‘Fair Play’. A Loyal Proposition. In your issue of the 3^rd instant under the above heading, ‘Loyalist’ seems to have good cause for the complaint about the treatment of Australians who happen to be of German parentage. As long as these people say, or do, nothing that is disloyal to the Empire, there is not the slightest justification to deal with them as enemies…..
L to E. Traitors in our midst. Signed ‘An Australian (identified as E.W. Rhynhart)
12Jun15: L to E. by L. Kennedy and Australian Son. The Internment of Germans (Gundurimba council re Manly letter). Is it Right
25Jun15: Enemy Subjects: Employment by Councils. Meeting of Terania Shire council. Mosman council send letter like Manly. Cr Missingham.
30Jun15: Enemy Subjects: Lismore council re Mosman letter
2Jul15: War Precautions Act amended to include random stopping of ‘suspected persons.’ +L to E. re pro Germans
19Jul15: L to E. Shirkers
31Jul15: Carl Zoeller donates to Aust Day Fund
1Sep15: Editorial: The White Feather.
7Sep15: Germans in Australia. Hurstville council dispenses with employment of all Germans naturalized or otherwise. Wants support like Manly and Mosman
1Oct15: Destitute German Grafton sent for internment Brisbane
5Oct15: Internment of Germans. Meeting Lismore
15Oct15: Well-known herbalist to visit. Mr H.E. Kugelmann. The Empire’s most famous…
28Dec15: Shops Raided in Lismore. Uproar on Christmas Eve. 11PM crowd of 2000-3000 people gathered front of C.H. Ohlen’s tobacconist and hairdressing Molesworth shop. Shop trashed and looted. Proprietor and wife try and stop it but no luck. Then Otto Meurer’s tobac and hair shop.  Then a ‘detachement’ goes to Magellan to trash Carl Zoeller’s shop while rest go to Woodlark to trash Schick’s establishment. Then onto Ohlen and O’Neill’s Star Court. Then to Police Station to try and free one of the rioters. No luck then back to Ohlen’s shop and more looting. Riot reported in papers all round region under such headings as ‘Riots Lismore - Enemy subjects premises attacked’ (Tweed Daily), and like the Northern Star none carried a correction that Ohlen, Meurer and Shrick were not ‘Enemy subjects.’ - all born Aust.
L to E by C.H. Ohlen. Had passed his share of Star Court theater to O’Neill some time ago. Never threw anyone out of theatre (one reason given for targeting him in riot)
29Dec15: 2 x L to Es Drink for Soldiers. General letters not specific to riot.
30Dec15: NS still running Zoeller adverts. All shops and pubs agree to close at 6PM New Years Eve.

1Jan16: I am sole proprietor Star Court. M. O’Neill.
5Jan16: 12 charged over riot Lismore. 6 AIF. Only charged for shops of Ohlen and Meurer trashed. …so riotously and tumultuously assemble together did unlawfully and with force damage a certain shop. Cops say crowd was 1000 to 1500.  Committed to trial 10Apr.
No editorial or L to E may be sub judice
12Jan16: Mr C.H. Ohlen sold tobacco, hairdressers and 3 table billard saloon next to A.G. Robertson to Phill Levy of Bris
3Feb16: Germans and Moslems.
8Feb16: Adolf Liedl manager for Zoeller.
16Feb16: Sydney an armed camp. Soldiers again. German club trashed. Disgraceful behaviour. Cabinet decision to close pubs.
19Feb16: Lismore not only place where people at risk on streets
7Mar16: Editorial Australia as a Melting Pot: We … have taken into our fold any men and women of the Caucasian type willing to come to our shores, heedless of whether they hailed from frozen Finland or sun-baked Sicily. ... After the war, there will be a great hole in our male life to fill up, and streams of emigrants will be required to overtake the wastage of our men, which already stands on the border of 40,000…. We will then become indeed the melting pot of Europe. But in collecting constituents for the melting we must pick and choose. The Teutonic element must be barred rigidly…
11Apr16: 13 on trial for riot. Not guilty.
15May16: Naturalized subjects of enemy origin
8Jun16: Apology. I hereby express my regret….that Mr James Blenheim of Woodlawn was of enemy origin.
21Jul16: Olaf Anderson, a Swede
3Oct16: Use of insulting words. Called a German
9Oct16: Police request NS to advise all aliens to register
10Oct16: Ditto + correction.
5Mar17: Aliens cannot change their names
13Apr17: W.A. Back says Vote for Honest John Perry.
19Jul18: Albert Gustavesson Peterson, Norwegian, fails to register as an alien
2Oct18: Alien Reg. Hans Arthur Bruhlan.
22Aug1919: Undesirables Banned.  …prohibits entry into the Commonwealth for a period of five years… any person of German, Austro-German, Bulgarian, Hungarian, or Ottoman nationally.

17Feb30: Vangel Vasilsvich, born Okra, Serbia, 5yrs Aust, now Dilkoon.
19May30: Cesare Franceschini, born Castel-Tesino, Austria, 24yrs Aust, now Nth Lis.
13Jun30: John Pederson Nelson dies Byron Bay, aged 80. Came from Sweden 40yrs ago. Single dairy farmer Bangalow.
26Jun30: Inquest into death of Frederick Pedersen of The Pocket. Died aged 65.
12Jul30: L. Thiemann, Swede, boarding house South Lismore.
12Sep30: Martin Bucht of Finland wins wrestling match Lismore Federal Hall
27Sep30: Six Maltese on Kyogle rail project before Lismore Court. Frank Grech gets 7yrs prison. Jack Xuereb, Sam Zahra, Jim Borg, Frank Borg, Frank Galea get 3yrs. Interpreter Peter Fenech.
17Oct30: Gustaf Mauritz Nystrom, Carl Ervik, Einar Lysaker and Hedley Larsen, Norwegians of Byron Bay.
4Nov30: Gracis Louis, Maltese, railworker and 4yr resident of Grady's Creek, Kyogle
28Nov30: Louis Gracio, Maltese, Kyogle
23Jan31: 5000 Maltese Australia.
22May31: Commissioner for Malta visits Lismore.
17Oct 31: Captain Soderholm (Soderdlom?) of SS Bonalbo.
20Oct31: Frederick Steffens, German, aged 38, drunk.
5Nov31: Mahony and 2 Gresham brothers, Canadians, vagrancy.
30Jan32: Hans Kellet, 53, unemployment camp Albert Park, drowns.
17Mar32: Bogeya Tale, a foreigner, dole fraud Casino.
23Mar32: Mary Ann Galea, Maltese, v. Michael Chetutti. Insulting words.
30Apr32: William Gallea and Peter Frenic, Maltese
3Aug32: Mirchie Ristich Kotchevich, aka Michael Ristich, born Rufftse, district of Krulevo, Yugoslavia, 7yrs Aust now Terranora.
6Oct32: Samuel Portelli, Maltese of unemployment Camp Casino, assaulted.
8Oct32: J. Vesonvick of Pimlico.
19Oct32: Jens Peter Nielson, born Fausing, Jutland district, Denmark, 7yrs Aust, now Nobby's Creek near Murbah.
1Dec32: Sam Portela and Charles Seiberras, Maltese
30Dec32: Gottleib Jackshon Bassman assaulted Woodlark St.

11Feb33: Obituary Henrik Nelson of Mullumbimby. Came from Denmark 51yrs ago.
3Aug33: Mrs Mary Rose Campbell died aged 77 Coraki. Born Leurich, Switzerland and came direct to Coraki 58yrs ago.
18Aug33: Death of Ludwig Frohmuller, age 79, Gundurimba
19Aug33: How They Live in Finland. Large article.
29Nov33: Frank Emmanuel of Portugal in court
11Aug34: Captain Soderblom, born Abo, Finland 1864, retires to Tuggerah. Came Aust 1888 and started as master of CSR ships before joining North Coast Steam Navigation Company.

Carl Zoeller Story
Struggle of Memory, by Joan Dugdale, Pub by Uni of Qld Press 1991. ISBN 0 7022 25916

Back Story
Wilson’s Creek Pioneers Commemoration, by Keith McLeay, published 1980 by Wilson’s Creek Public School